indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
echo; reverberation; sound (esp. the distinctive sound of an object or activity, e.g. rain, gun, gallop, drum); noise; quality of a sound (e.g. a fine phrase, clear voice, resonant bell); feeling of a sound
to meet; to encounter; to see; to have an accident; to have a bad experience
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...; did not ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
cry (esp. animal); roar; chirp; tweet; bark; whine
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you