indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
boy; juvenile; young boy; youth; lad
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
rain; rainy day; rainy weather; the November suit (in hanafuda)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
echo; reverberation; sound (esp. the distinctive sound of an object or activity, e.g. rain, gun, gallop, drum); noise; quality of a sound (e.g. a fine phrase, clear voice, resonant bell); feeling of a sound
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
to cease; to stop; to be over
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
feeling; sense; impression
terrible; dreadful; amazing (e.g. of strength); great (e.g. of skills); to a great extent; vast (in numbers)
mountain; hill; mine (e.g. coal mine); heap; pile; crown (of a hat); thread (of a screw)
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
sorry; excuse me; thank you
to forge; to temper; to drill; to train; to discipline
roar; peal; rumble; beating; pounding; throbbing