indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
adds force or indicates command
party (political); person who is fond of; fan of
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
one's father; one's old man; middle-aged (or older) man; old man; one's boss; proprietor (of a restaurant, store, etc.)
god (esp. the Christian God)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
in that way; thus; so; so?
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
you; you bastard; you son of a bitch; (arch.) you
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
to kill; to slay; to suppress; to block; to suppress (a voice, feelings, etc.); to hold back
to request; to beg; to call; to order; to entrust to; to rely on
to ferry across (e.g. a river); to carry across; to lay across; to build across; to hand over; to hand in
name; given name; title; fame; renown; pretext
until then; till then; to that extent; the end of it; all there is to it
yikes!; eek!; ook; eek; customer
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage