indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
cat (esp. the domestic cat, Felis catus); shamisen; geisha; wheelbarrow; clay bed-warmer; bottom; submissive partner of a homosexual relationship
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
papa; dad; daddy; sugar daddy
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
god (esp. the Christian God)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
scary; frightening; eerie; dreadful
mama; mamma; mom; female proprietress (of a bar, etc.)
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
party (political); person who is fond of; fan of
transforming oneself; taking on another form; disguising oneself; artificial fly (for fishing)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
cry (esp. animal); roar; chirp; tweet; bark; whine
aroma; fragrance; scent; smell
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
come; come now; well; who knows; well now; let's see
tactics; strategy; military operation; naval operation
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
child; kid; (one's) child; offspring; young (animal); young woman; offshoot
origin; source; base; basis; cause; ingredient; material
(what) the heck; (why) in the world; one object; one body; one form; one style
ghost; specter; spectre; apparition; phantom
human experiment; human experimentation; experiment on a living person