indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
Alan (member of an ancient Scythian people)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
father (esp. used in samurai families prior to the Meiji period)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
thought; imagination; mind; desire; wish; love
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
eye; eyeball; eyesight; sight; look; stare; notice
going out (of a nobleman, etc.); visiting
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to request; to beg; to call; to order; to entrust to; to rely on
(one's) older brother; lad; sonny
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
adds force or indicates command
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
mind; heart; spirit; the meaning of a phrase (riddle, etc.)
family; members of a family
two persons; two people; pair; couple
to throw down; to bring down; to kill; to defeat; to overthrow; to trip up