indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
to be tied together; to be connected to; to lead to; to be related to; to be related (by blood)
Alan (member of an ancient Scythian people)
sky; air; ether; firmament; the heavens
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
father (esp. used in samurai families prior to the Meiji period)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
now; the present time; just now; another; more
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
man; male; masculine gender
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
eye; eyeball; eyesight; sight; look; stare; notice
truth; reality; sincerity; honesty; (arch.) that's right
light; illumination; glow; lamp; light
going out (of a nobleman, etc.); visiting
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)