indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
Burmese rosewood (Pterocarpus indicus); angsana; flowering quince (of genus Chaenomeles) (Pseudocydonia sinensis); Chinese quince (Chaenomeles sinensis); quince (Cydonia oblonga)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
companion; fellow; group; company; member of the same category (family, class)
to rescue from; to help out of; to save
kerria (Kerria japonica); Japanese yellow rose; bright golden yellow; gold coin (formerly used in Japan)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
schoolgirl; female student
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
sacrifice; victim; sacrifice (to a deity)
qian (one of the trigrams of the I Ching: heaven, northwest)
skilfulness; skillfulness; cleverness
rock; boulder; crag; cliff; anchor
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...