indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
then; well; so; well then
helmet (of a warrior); headpiece
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
society; public; community; social studies
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
people; men and women; each person; everybody
hey!; say!; I say!; I; me
cruel; heartless; violent; intense; very bad; terrible
adds force to a statement, decision or conclusion; indicates command; (strongly) emphasizes the previous word; adds focus; some- (e.g. something, someone)
to stop (an activity); to cease; to discontinue; to cancel; to abandon; to give up
my goodness!; good lord!; holy cow!
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
lotus flower; Chinese milk vetch (Astragalus sinicus); china spoon; lotus-shaped pedestal for a gravestone
yikes!; eek!; ook; eek; customer
new; neo-; newness; novelty; Gregorian calendar; Xin dynasty (of China; 9-23 CE)
myself; yourself; I; me; you
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
now; the present time; just now; another; more
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; penis; (one's) thing
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; 's; of
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
the sun; god of heaven and the earth; laws governing the heavens; celestial path; celestial motion; deva realm (svarga)
cry (e.g. of a baby); sob; whine; tearful voice; weepy voice
please; if you would; somehow or other; one way or another; whether (or not); if
you; before (a god, nobleman, etc.); in front of
that's the way it is; such is life
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to run away; to flee; to avoid (a question, responsibility, etc.); to evade; to win without being overtaken; to hold off the other contenders (until the finish)
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
injury; wound; mistake; accident; loss
won't; hasn't; isn't; won't you
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become