indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
European Community; EC; e-commerce; electronic commerce; emergency contraception; engineering constructor
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
one's father; one's old man; middle-aged (or older) man; old man; one's boss; proprietor (of a restaurant, store, etc.)
metamorphosis; disguise; transformation; shapeshifting; morphing
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
to release; to let go; to free; to add (pieces of eggplant, potato, etc.) to water, broth, etc.
(sound of a) gunshot; (gun) report
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
adds force or indicates command
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
machine; mechanism; instrument; appliance; apparatus