indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
chorus; singing in a chorus
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
department (in an organization); division; club; part; component; category
metamorphosis; disguise; transformation; shapeshifting; morphing
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
adds force or indicates command
machine; mechanism; instrument; appliance; apparatus
(one's) older brother; lad; sonny
voice; speech; sound of a voice; sound (e.g. of a TV)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
avenue; street; coming and going; street traffic; flow (of water, air, etc.); transmission (of sound); reach (e.g. of voice)
pupil; student; schoolchild
to shine on; to illuminate; to compare (with); to refer to
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
flame; blaze; flames (of intense emotion, e.g. love, jealousy, anger); passion
the sun; god of heaven and the earth; laws governing the heavens; celestial path; celestial motion; deva realm (svarga); path in the heavens
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence