indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
machine; mechanism; instrument; appliance; apparatus
voice; speech; sound of a voice; sound (e.g. of a TV)
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
mysterious thief; phantom thief
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
metamorphosis; disguise; transformation; shapeshifting; morphing
bonze; monk; monk's dwelling; boy; son; I; me
elderly handyman; elderly manservant
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
to permit; to allow; to forgive; to pardon; to exempt (someone) from; to remit; to acknowledge
police; police officer; police station
shopping; purchased goods
older sister; elder sister; young lady; miss; ma'am
European Community; EC; e-commerce; electronic commerce; emergency contraception; engineering constructor
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
in that way; thus; so; so?
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence