indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
thought; imagination; mind; desire; wish; love
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to succeed (a person, to a position, etc.); to inherit; to patch (clothes); to mend; to add (e.g. charcoal to the fire); to replenish with
how; in what way; how about
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to throw down; to bring down; to kill; to defeat; to overthrow; to trip up
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
(one's) older sister; (one's) elder sister; girl
hey; hello; wow; oh; oomph; heave-ho
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
difficult; tough; formidable; redoubtable; stubborn
adds force or indicates command
absurd; unreasonable; excessive; very; extremely; excessively
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
prefix for forming ordinal numbers
counter for stories, episodes of TV series, etc.
reference; bibliographical reference; consultation; browsing (e.g. when selecting a file to upload on a computer); checking out
deep red; crimson; rouge; lipstick
island; one's territory (e.g. of a sex worker, organized crime gang); one's turf
is that so? (generally rhetorical)
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
custom; practice; said; aforementioned; instance; example
purpose; goal; aim; objective; intention
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
wisdom; enlightenment; prajñā (one of the three divisions of the noble eightfold path); wisdom
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
possibly; apparently; (seem) likely; somehow or other; with difficulty; barely
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
relation; relationship; participation; involvement; influence; effect
appearing ...; looking ...; way to ...; method of ...ing; form; style
assimilation; absorption; adaptation; assimilation; anabolism; assimilation (phonology)
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all