indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
to save; to rescue; to help; to assist; to support (financially); to contribute (to)
suffix for familiar person
I'm sorry; my apologies; may I come in?; permission; leave; dismissal
look!; look out!; hey!; look at me!; there you are!
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
somehow; how; in what way; why; what kind of
father; dad; papa; pa; pop; daddy
research establishment; research institute; laboratory
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become