indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
decision; determination; resolution
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
skilfulness; skillfulness; cleverness
qian (one of the trigrams of the I Ching: heaven, northwest)
to stop (an activity); to cease; to discontinue; to cancel; to abandon; to give up
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
request; favour (to ask); wish; please
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
by no means; never!; something unexpected; emergency; (arch.) currently; (arch.) for the time being
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to throw down; to bring down; to kill; to defeat; to overthrow; to trip up
for; for the sake of; to one's advantage; because of; as a result of
unreasonable; unnatural; impossible; forcible; forced; excessive (work, etc.); immoderate
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
company president; manager; director
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
meteor; shooting star; falling star
cram school; private tutoring school; juku
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
alumni association; graduates' association; alumni meeting; class reunion
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
incident; affair; happening; event
this way (of doing); this method; this sort (of thing); this type
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
to attack; to assail; to succeed (someone in a post, role, etc.); to make a sudden visit
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
conclusion from reasoning, judgement or calculation based on something read or heard; reason; cause; meaning; circumstances; situation
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
how; in what way; how about
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's