to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
to continue; to keep up; to keep on
answer; reply; response; answer; solution; result
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be found; to be discovered
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (is there) something (you want, etc.)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
father; dad; husband; you; he
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
meteor; shooting star; falling star
cram school; private tutoring school; juku
sudden; abrupt; urgent; pressing; steep; sharp; rapid
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
what's the matter?; what's wrong?; what happened (to) ...?; what have you done (with) ...?; where is ...?
suffix for familiar person
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to be silent; to say nothing
how; in what way; how about
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
-like; sort of; similar to; resembling
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to take into one's possession; to receive; to take into one's care (e.g. person, pet); to take custody of; to leave; to go away
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
perhaps; possibly; maybe; if; in case; in the event that
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen