indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
belt (waist, seat, etc.); strap; belt; zone; drive belt; machine belt
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
senior (at work or school); superior; elder; older graduate; progenitor; old-timer
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
father; dad; papa; pa; pop; daddy
metamorphosis; disguise; transformation; shapeshifting; morphing
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
cram school; private tutoring school; juku
meteor; shooting star; falling star
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
how; in what way; how about
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
please (give me); please (do for me)
(what) the heck; (why) in the world; one object; one body; one form; one style
to throw away; to cast away; to abandon; to desert; to give up; to resign