indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
island; one's territory (e.g. of a sex worker, organized crime gang); one's turf
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
voice; speech; sound of a voice; sound (e.g. of a TV)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
ground; earth; the solid earth; the (vast) land
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
in that way; thus; so; so?
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
chief; head (of an office, of a laboratory)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
adds force or indicates command
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
to throw down; to bring down; to kill; to defeat; to overthrow; to trip up
first month of the lunar calendar; January
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible