indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
chief; head (of an office, of a laboratory)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
suffix for familiar person
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
to betray; to turn traitor to; to double-cross
Wuhuan (proto-Mongolic nomadic people)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
to save; to rescue; to help; to assist; to support (financially); to contribute (to)
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...; did not ...
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
tachibana orange (Citrus tachibana)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others