indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
suffix for familiar person
yikes!; eek!; ook; eek; customer
why; oh; no!; quit it!; stop!
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
failure; mistake; blunder
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
careful; cautious; prudent; discreet; deliberate
meaningfully (smiling, grinning, etc.); suggestively; broadly; sneeringly
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
somewhere; anywhere; in some respects
painful; sore; cringy; embarrassing; exceeding
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
-like; sort of; similar to; resembling
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
coolness; calmness; composure; all right; fine; OK
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
than; from; out of; except; but; more
a short while ago; a moment ago; just now; some time ago
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to aim at (with a weapon, etc.); to be after (something or someone); to have an eye on; to aim for; to set up as a goal
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
perhaps; possibly; maybe; if; in case; in the event that
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way