indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
courage; bravery; valour; valor; nerve; boldness
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
voice; speech; sound of a voice; sound (e.g. of a TV)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
to persevere; to persist; to insist that; to stick to (one's opinion); to remain in a place; to stick to one's post
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
adds force or indicates command
definitely; absolutely; absolute; unconditional; absoluteness
readiness; preparedness; resolution; resignation
wow!; oh!; yeah!; alright!; waah!; boohoo!
uppercase letter; capital letter; large character; large writing; the (kanji) character "dai" meaning "big"; huge character "dai" formed by fires lit on the side of a mountain in Kyoto on August 16 each year
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she