indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
position; location; base; point; site
to attack; to assail; to succeed (someone in a post, role, etc.); to make a sudden visit
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
battle; fight; war; struggle; conflict
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
will; resolution; kindness; goodwill; gift (as a token of gratitude)
together; jointly; at the same time; with; both
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
extinction; extermination; eradication; stamping out; wiping out
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to rescue from; to help out of; to save
choices; alternatives; options
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
safety; security; safely; without incident; good health; inaction
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
it is ... that ...; precisely; although; while; it is precisely because ... that ...; only because ...
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
how; in what way; how about
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
to finish; to end; to merely result in something less severe than expected; to feel at ease; to feel unease or guilt for troubling someone; to be sorry
after all; in the end; conclusion; end; end of a game of go, shogi, etc.
to set free; to let go; to release; to miss (e.g. a chance); to lose; to let get away
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
bad; poor; poor (quality); inferior; evil; sinful; ugly
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
only; merely; approximately; about; just (finished, etc.); as if to; (as though) about to
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...