here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to live (of humans); to reside; to inhabit; to dwell; to abide
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
living thing; organism; creature; biology
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
once; before; formerly; never yet; never before; first time
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
the mere shadow of one's former self; the ruin of what one once was
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
fruit; nut; berry; fruits; profit
so to speak; so to call it; as it were
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to cross over; to cross; to pass through; to exceed; to surpass; to be more (than)
introduced species; non-native species; alien species
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
consequence; outcome; result; blame
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
civilization; civilisation; culture; Bunmei era (1469.4.28-1487.7.20)
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
next; following; subsequent; stage; station
number (in a series); (one's) turn; watch; guard; rank; standing; bout
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
conclusion from reasoning, judgement or calculation based on something read or heard; reason; cause; meaning; circumstances; situation
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
specialist; expert; professional; authority; pundit
by means of; due to; because of; according to
postponement; deferment; extension (of time)
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
only; merely; but; no more than