indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
riddle; puzzle; enigma; enigmatic; mysterious
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to approach; to draw near; to be imminent; to press (someone for something); to urge; to compel
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
leader; reader; reading book; reader (i.e. someone who reads); microreader; dotted line (in printing)
to greet; to call out (to); to invite; to get in touch (with); to cheer (on); to give vocal support (to)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
proposal; proposition; suggestion
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
massing (of troops); gathering
battle; fight; war; struggle; conflict
apron of a gun; cover for the touch-hole on a cannon or matchlock
to cut; to cut through; to sever (connections, ties); to turn off (e.g. the light); to terminate (e.g. a conversation); to hang up (the phone); to punch (a ticket)
to drop; to lose; to clean off (dirt, makeup, paint, etc.); to remove (e.g. stains or facial hair); to lose (a match); to reject (an applicant); to lower (e.g. shoulders or voice)
phew; whew; huff; whoo; wohoo
stealthy steps; spurt to overtake a leading horse just before the finish line
stealthy steps; soft steps
wow!; oh!; yeah!; alright!; waah!; boohoo!
to collect; to assemble; to gather
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to compete; to contend; to vie; to contest
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
adds force or indicates command
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
relation; relationship; participation; involvement; influence; effect
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
this time; now; next time; another time; recently; lately
it is ... that ...; precisely; although; while; it is precisely because ... that ...; only because ...
inro; seal case; pill box; medicine case
to ferry across (e.g. a river); to carry across; to lay across; to build across; to hand over; to hand in
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
book; document; calligraphy (esp. Chinese); penmanship; handwriting; letter