indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...; did not ...
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
increasingly; more and more; decreasingly (when declining); less and less
to rise; to go up; to enter (esp. from outdoors); to come in; to enter (a school); to advance to the next grade; to get out (of water)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
perhaps; likely; probably; I dare say
from now on; after this; in the future; from here; from this point
furthermore; again; after all; more and more; moreover; even more
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
to appear; to come in sight; to become visible; to be expressed (e.g. emotions); to become apparent (e.g. trends, effects)
be supposed or expected to (do); be sure to (do); ought to (do)
prefix for forming ordinal numbers
number; edition; sobriquet; pen-name; size (of printing types, canvases, knitting needles, etc.); suffix attached to names of ships, trains, airplanes, etc.
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
(some) more; even more; longer; further
strong; potent; strong; brawny; good (at); skilled; being able to handle
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
ultimate; final; last; eventual
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
to feel (as if); to have a feeling (that); to have a hunch (that); to feel like doing; to want to do
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
meaning; significance; sense
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself
not only ... (but also); not just; as well as
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as