indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
tortoise; turtle; heavy drinker; turtle crest; turtle mon
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
suffix for familiar person
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
time; hour; period; class
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
(sound of) laughter; laughing voice
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
older sister; elder sister; young lady; miss; ma'am
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
now; the present time; just now; another; more
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
to forget; to leave carelessly; to be forgetful of; to forget about; to forget (an article)
hah (derisively); pooh; pfft (of something disappearing); poof; huff; puff
bear (any mammal of family Ursidae)
horn; alarm; whistle; foghorn
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
in that way; thus; so; so?