indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
the Eastern Capital (now Tokyo); Yedo; Edo
hurrah!; long life; congratulations; full vent
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
hah (derisively); pooh; pfft (of something disappearing); poof; huff; puff
phantom; vision; illusion; extremely rare item
virtue; benevolence; profit; benefit
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
adds force or indicates command
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch