here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
terrific; staggering; tremendous; frightful; ghastly; horrific
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
uncle; old man; mister; manybar goatfish (Parupeneus multifasciatus)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
opposite; opposition; versus; vs.; to (e.g. "winning a game five to three"); equal footing
scoring; score; points made; marks obtained; goals; runs
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
same score; deadlock; tie; draw
decision of a contest; finals (in sports)
advance (into a new market or stage of progress); launching (a new career or venture); expanding (into a new market); stepping forward; emerging
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to lose; to be defeated; to succumb; to give in; to be inferior to; to break out in a rash due to (e.g. lacquer, shaving, etc.)
match; game; bout; contest
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
Levin (New Zealand); Levine; Lewin
bringing certain death; deadly; knockout (blow)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
how; in what way; how about
to destroy; to demolish; to disturb; to put into disorder; to relax (one's pose); to make oneself at ease; to break (a bill)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
notice; attention; observation
come; come now; well; who knows; well now; let's see
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
player (of a sport); athlete; team member
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for