indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
elegance; dandyism; sophistication; affectation; showing off; putting on an air
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
grace; refinement; elegance; daintiness
older sister; elder sister; young lady; miss; ma'am
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
pretty; lovely; clean; clear; completely; entirely
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
suffix for familiar person
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
beautiful; pretty; lovely; sweet; pure (heart, friendship, etc.)
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
(some) more; even more; longer; further
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
other (place, thing, person); the rest; outside; beyond; nothing except; nothing but
no good; not serving its purpose; hopeless; wasted; cannot; must not
company president; manager; director
ankh; Egyptian hieroglyphic symbol for life
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)