indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
ankh; Egyptian hieroglyphic symbol for life
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
(some) more; even more; longer; further
bowl; vessel; container; ability; capacity; calibre
yew plum pine (Podocarpus macrophyllus)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
decoration; ornament; trimmings
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
to greedily try to win big (e.g. in mahjong); to swipe; to nick; to pilfer
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
voice; speech; sound of a voice; sound (e.g. of a TV)
core; core; hardcore; all-out
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
in that way; thus; so; so?