indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
suffix for familiar person
older sister; lass; young lady
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to stop (an activity); to cease; to discontinue; to cancel; to abandon; to give up
daughter; girl (i.e. a young, unmarried woman)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
voice; speech; sound of a voice; sound (e.g. of a TV)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
now; the present time; just now; another; more
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
moat; fosse; canal; ditch
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
to meet; to encounter; to see; to have an accident; to have a bad experience
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
chief; head (of an office, of a laboratory)