indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
horse; horse racing; promoted bishop
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
voice; speech; sound of a voice; sound (e.g. of a TV)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
madder (esp. Japanese madder, Rubia argyi); madder (red color)
suffix for familiar person
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
memory; memory; recollection; remembrance
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
come; come now; well; who knows; well now; let's see
two persons; two people; pair; couple
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
method; manner; appearance; air; tendency; folk song (genre of the Shi Jing)
Solanaceae (nightshade family of plants)
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
town; block; downtown; main street; street; road