indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
emperor (of Japan); mikado
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
your Highness; his Highness; her Highness
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
to give; to confer; to bestow; to kindly do for one; to oblige; to favour
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
honorific/polite/humble prefix
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
(common) soldier; rank and file; army; troops; warfare; strategy
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
war; battle; campaign; (arch.) troops; (arch.) forces
father (esp. used in samurai families prior to the Meiji period)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
to kill; to slay; to suppress; to block; to suppress (a voice, feelings, etc.); to hold back
new; neo-; newness; novelty; Gregorian calendar; Xin dynasty (China, 9-23 CE)
people; citizens; subjects; folk
prognosis; aftereffects; recuperation; convalescence