indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
emperor (of Japan); mikado
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
new; neo-; newness; novelty; Gregorian calendar; Xin dynasty (China, 9-23 CE)
prognosis; aftereffects; recuperation; convalescence
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
prince; subordinate Kumano shrine
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
king; ruler; tycoon; magnate; king (of the senior player)
army; armed forces; military authorities; team; group
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
(common) soldier; rank and file; army; troops; warfare; strategy
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
to give; to confer; to bestow; to kindly do for one; to oblige; to favour
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
honorific/polite/humble prefix
now; the present time; just now; another; more
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat
war; battle; campaign; (arch.) troops; (arch.) forces
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all