indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
your Highness; his Highness; her Highness
prognosis; aftereffects; recuperation; convalescence
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
new; neo-; newness; novelty; Gregorian calendar; Xin dynasty (China, 9-23 CE)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to kill; to slay; to suppress; to block; to suppress (a voice, feelings, etc.); to hold back
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
I; me; oneself; (arch.) you; (arch.) prefix indicating familiarity or contempt
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
bad; poor; poor (quality); inferior; evil; sinful; ugly
to give; to confer; to bestow; to kindly do for one; to oblige; to favour
ship; boat; tank; tub; counter for boat-shaped containers (e.g. of sashimi)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
that child; that kid; that boy; (arch.) you