pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to be visible; to be clear; to be evident; to be certain
another; one more; not quite; not very good; lacking
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
world; society; life; lifetime; age; era; reign
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to believe; to believe in; to place trust in; to confide in; to have faith in
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
living thing; living creature; animal; life
eggs; egg; (hen's) egg; (an expert) in the making; beginning; origin
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
to return; to come back; to turn over; to become extremely; to become completely
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
earth; ground; place; territory; bottom (of a package, book, etc.); earth (one of the five elements)
large; big; great; prominent; -sized; as big as; university
drought; long spell (period) of dry weather
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to ask after (someone's health); to visit; to attack; to strike; to meet with misfortune
to aim at (with a weapon, etc.); to be after (something or someone); to have an eye on; to aim for; to set up as a goal
eating; bite (in fishing)
to come along; to come around; to turn up; to arrive at the present; to get where one is; to have been doing something (for a period of time)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
prince; subordinate Kumano shrine
to face; to go towards; to head towards
be supposed or expected to (do); be sure to (do); ought to (do)
to hurry; to rush; to hasten; to make something happen sooner
to give; to confer; to bestow; to kindly do for one; to oblige; to favour
to attack; to assail; to succeed (someone in a post, role, etc.); to make a sudden visit
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah