indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
honorific/polite/humble prefix
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
place; spot; field; discipline; occasion; situation; scene (of a play, movie, etc.)
bow (weapon); archery; bow (for a violin, etc.)
large size (paper, book, etc.); ōban; large oval gold coin used in the Edo period
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to say; to be called; to do
house (e.g. of Tokugawa); family
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
adds force or indicates command
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
that way; that direction; there; that (one); you; your family
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
Edo (shogunate capital, now Tokyo); Yedo
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
Kōzuke (former province located in present-day Gunma Prefecture)
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
to go; to come; to be defeated; to collapse; to be annoyed; to be nonplussed
certain; one; (arch.) I; (arch.) me
this family; we; this house