indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
mama; mamma; mom; female proprietress (of a bar, etc.)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to save; to rescue; to help; to assist; to support (financially); to contribute (to)
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
lie; fib; mistake; error; unwise move; bad decision
to breathe out; to breathe; to tell (a lie); to use (foul language); to vomit; to throw up
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to be much obliged (to someone); to receive favor (favour); to be indebted; to be grateful
people who lived in Kyushu in ancient times, and who opposed the state of Yamato
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
trial; judgement; judgment
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
how; in what way; how about
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
defeat; loss; failing to live up to (one's name, looks, etc.); discount; loss (on a sale)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
green; greenery (esp. fresh verdure)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to betray; to turn traitor to; to double-cross
body; torso; trunk; build; physique; health
to beat to death; to kill
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
parent; parents; dealer (in cards, mahjong, etc.); banker; founder; inventor; (pet) owner
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
that's the way it is; such is life
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
How did you like ...?; How about ...?; What's going on?; How's it going?
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
large tree; big tree; huge tree
institution; establishment; facility; home (for elderly, orphans, etc.)
enjoyable; fun; pleasant; happy; delightful
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
cherry tree; cherry blossom; fake buyer; paid audience; hired applauder; horse meat
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence