empty rice field (between the harvest and spring)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to come to like; to become fond of; to fall in love
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
please remember me; please help me; please treat me well; please do; please take care of
now; the present time; just now; another; more
all; entire; whole; altogether
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
halfway; half measures; unfinished; incomplete; by halves; half-baked
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...
circumference; girth; surroundings; neighbourhood; people surrounding oneself; surrounding circumstances
to be seen; to be in sight; to look; to seem; to come
important; significant; precious; valuable; careful
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
to lose; to miss (a change, opportunity); to lose (a loved one); to be bereaved of; to concede (goals, points, etc.)
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
thin-culmed dwarf bamboo (growing in clusters)
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to associate with; to keep company with; to go out with; to go along with; to follow someone's lead; to accompany someone
operating officer; company executive
Eh?; What?; Come on!; Damn!
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
somehow; how; in what way; why; what kind of
cabin attendant; flight attendant; Certification Authority; CA; carbohydrate antigen; chronological age
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
expressly; especially; taking the trouble (to do); intentionally; deliberately
actual spot; scene (of a crime, accident, etc.); (on) site; (on) the ground; filming location; (movie) set
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
secret; private; surreptitious
check; plaid; checking; monitoring; check (banking); cheque
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few