indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
hypocentre (of an earthquake); hypocenter
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
provision of lunch (e.g. at office, school, etc.); providing a meal; lunch service
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
pupil; student; schoolchild
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
in that way; thus; so; so?
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
same; identical; equal; anyway; anyhow; in either case
please (give me); please (do for me)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
target area (e.g. archery); range (e.g. rifle, firing)
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
now; soon; already; yet; further; more