indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
cry (of an animal); call; chirp; song; caw; roar
man; male; masculine gender
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to get up; to rise; to wake up; to be awake; to occur (usu. of unfavourable incidents); to happen
below; down; bottom; beneath; underneath; just after; right after
pupil (of the eye); one's eyes
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
to become confused (disconcerted, disorganized, disorganised); to be flustered; to panic; to hurry; to rush; to hasten
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
pupil; student; schoolchild
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; penis; (one's) thing
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
you; before (a god, nobleman, etc.); in front of
great mountain; large mountain
incredible; unbelievable; terrific; impressive
a lot; lots; enough; sufficient; enough; too many
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
adds light emphasis or insistence to a statement; gives a statement a threatening or condescending tone
calmly; quietly; gently; be quiet!
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
so; like this; in this way; this much; to this extent
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; 's; of
now; the present time; just now; another; more
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
time; hour; period; class
-ness; indicates assertion; come (on); come now; er; um; indicates scrutiny, critique or mistrust
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
absurd; unreasonable; extreme; senseless; disorderly; chaotic
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
honorific/polite/humble prefix
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
taking refuge; finding shelter; evacuation; escape; seeking safe haven
ironclad rule; inviolable rule; invariable principle; iron law