indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
cry (esp. animal); roar; chirp; tweet; bark; whine
man; male; masculine gender
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to get up; to rise; to wake up; to be awake; to occur (usu. of unfavourable incidents); to happen
below; down; bottom; beneath; underneath; just after; right after
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
to become confused (disconcerted, disorganized, disorganised); to be flustered; to panic; to hurry; to rush; to hasten
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
pupil; student; schoolchild
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
great mountain; large mountain
incredible; unbelievable; terrific; impressive
a lot; lots; enough; sufficient; enough; too many
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
calmly; quietly; gently; be quiet!
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
so; like this; in this way
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
now; the present time; just now; another; more
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
time; hour; period; class
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
absurd; unreasonable; extreme; senseless; disorderly; chaotic
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
honorific/polite/humble prefix
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
taking refuge; finding shelter; evacuation; escape; seeking safe haven
ironclad rule; inviolable rule; invariable principle; iron law