scarecrow; figurehead; dummy
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
when; how soon; how long until
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
excuse me; pardon me; I'm sorry; thank you; you shouldn't have; it's too much
soon; shortly; before long; nearly; almost
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
beginning; outset; first; onset
practice; practising; training; study
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
to be late; to be delayed; to fall behind (in a race, one's studies, etc.); to lag behind; to be bereaved of; to be preceded by (someone) in death
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
working adult; full-fledged member of society
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from ... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that ...; trying to ...
disqualification; elimination; incapacity; being unfit for one's role; being a failure
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...; wow
anyway; anyhow; setting aside ...; regardless of ...; really; truly
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
Metropolis (of Tokyo); (Tokyo) Metropolitan District; counter for cities and towns; capital
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
thank you for waiting; sorry to have kept you waiting
to scratch; to perspire; to shovel; to paddle
role; assignment; position (of responsibility); post; part (in a play, film, etc.); role
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to give; to confer; to bestow; to kindly do for one; to oblige; to favour
capital (esp. Kyoto, Japan's former capital); seat of government; capital (of music, fashion, etc.); city (e.g. of light); location of the Imperial Palace
Mr; Mrs; Miss; politeness marker
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
wow!; oh!; yeah!; alright!; waah!; boohoo!
please remember me; please help me; please treat me well; please do; please take care of
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
contacting; (making) contact; connection (with a train, bus, etc.); joining (a railway line, etc.); connection (between matters, incidents, etc.); relation
to receive; to take; to get someone to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
hands and feet; limbs; person at one's beck and call; person at hand; reliable worker
long (distance, length); long (time); protracted; prolonged