to earn (income); to make (money); to score (points, victory); to gain (time); to work hard (at one's job); to labor
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
and yet; though; when; in spite of
to make fun of; to look down on; to make light of
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; 's; of
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
trouble; bother; annoyance; to be troubled (by); to be bothered (by); to be inconvenienced (by)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
father; father (e.g. of a discipline); pioneer (e.g. of field of research); God; Father
feeling; sensation; preparedness; readiness; thought; sentiment
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
Mr; Mrs; Miss; politeness marker
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
parent-teacher association; PTA
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
what kind of; what sort of; what; no matter what (kind of); whatever; any
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
knowing; being aware (of); (an) acquaintance
one's own strength; one's own efforts; self-salvation
to creep up; to crawl up; to overcome (a bad situation); to rise (after a setback)
diligently; seriously; perfectly; properly; sufficiently; satisfactorily
myself; yourself; I; me; you
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
duty; responsibility (incl. supervision of staff); liability; onus
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to come off (of a button, handle, lid, etc.); to go away (of a fever, pain, swelling, etc.); to disappear; to be harvested; to be picked; to be interpreted (as); to be taken (as)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
section manager; section chief
head; chief; merit; strong point; superiority; major
woman; female; feminine gender