indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
honorific/polite/humble prefix
head; chief; merit; strong point; superiority; major
state (US, Australia, India, Germany, etc.); province (e.g. Canada); continent; (arch.) dear
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
please (give me); please (do for me)
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
splendid horse; promoted bishop
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
honor; honour; glory; (arch.) prosperity
to save; to rescue; to help; to assist; to support (financially); to contribute (to)