indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to fall down; to drop; to be omitted; to be missing; to decrease; to sink; to fail (e.g. exam or class)
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
recollection; retrospection; reflection; reminiscence
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
sometime; someday; one day; some time or other; the other day; in due course
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
unhappiness; sorrow; misfortune; death (usu. of a relative); bereavement
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
fate; destiny (esp. as a mysterious force that binds two people together); relationship (e.g. between two people); bond; family ties; affinity; opportunity
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to cut; to cut through; to sever (connections, ties); to turn off (e.g. the light); to terminate (e.g. a conversation); to hang up (the phone); to punch (a ticket)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
older brother; elder brother; brother (as older-brother figure in friendly and or work relationship); young man; buddy
to be caught; to be arrested; to hold on to; to grasp; to find (e.g. proof); to get (e.g. a taxi)
at that time; at that moment; then; on that occasion
to kill; to slay; to suppress; to block; to suppress (a voice, feelings, etc.); to hold back
other (place, thing, person); the rest; outside; beyond; nothing except; nothing but
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
the Emperor; His Majesty; the government; the authorities; proprietress; hostess
to shoot (at); to attack; to defeat; to destroy
husband; master (of a house, shop, etc.)
a long time (since the last time); first in a long time
poison; toxicant; harm; evil influence; ill will; spite
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
how many times; how many degrees (temperature, angle, etc.)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to refuse; to reject; to inform; to give notice; to ask leave; to excuse oneself (from)
(not) in any way; in no way; at all; terribly; awfully; hopelessly
honorific/polite/humble prefix
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
you (when referring to one's equals or inferiors)
as usual; as always; as before; as ever; still