indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
piece (in shogi, chess, etc.); (arch.) horse; (arch.) foal; bridge (of a violin, etc.)
Mino (former province located in the south of present-day Gifu Prefecture)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
imperial capital (esp. Kyoto); final word of an iroha poem; 10^16; 10,000,000,000,000,000
in that way; thus; so; so?
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
sagacity; wisdom; intelligence
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to say; to be called; to do
to shoot (at); to attack; to defeat; to destroy
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
adds force or indicates command
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
renga (early Japanese poetry form); linked verse; poetic dialogue