emperor (of Japan); mikado
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
unfavourably; unfavorably; disparagingly; insultingly; ill
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
reason; circumstances; grounds; because of; due to; as a result of
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to say; to be called; to do
sagacity; wisdom; intelligence
to change; to alter; to transform; to reform; to revise; to amend
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
feudal lord; (arch.) mansion; (arch.) palace
Tenshō era (1573.7.28-1592.12.8)
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
Tanba (former province located in parts of present-day Kyoto, Hyogo and Osaka prefectures)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
above; over; top; summit; surface; on (top of); the above (in a piece of writing)
castle (in place names); castle; fortress
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
black; black stone; guilt; guilty person
finally; at last; barely; narrowly; gradually; little by little
fall of a castle; surrender of a castle; giving up (on something); giving in (to persuasion); yielding
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
by means of; due to; because of; according to
the whole area; the entire region; all parts (of); the whole field (of study); every field; the whole gamut
suppression (of a rebellion, civil war, etc.); restoration of law and order; subjugation; conquering
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
success; achievement; succeeding (in life); (worldly) success; prosperity
people; (all) persons; everyone; (arch.) you (usu. plural)
mound on which targets are placed (in archery); firing mound
Mr; Mrs; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
under (guidance, supervision, rules, the law, etc.); under (a flag, the sun, etc.); beneath; with (e.g. one blow); on (the promise, condition, assumption, etc. that ...); (someone's) side
to send; to dispatch; to see (someone) off; to escort; to bid farewell to (the departed); to say goodbye to; to spend (time)
battle; war; fight (against time, poverty, etc.); struggle (for freedom, survival, etc.); contest; competition
to stop (an activity); to cease; to discontinue; to cancel; to abandon; to give up
to vacate; to surrender (e.g. a castle); to give up (e.g. a position); to hand over (e.g. power)
gracious (defeat, apology, etc.); graceful; upright; righteous; (arch.) unspoiled (scenery, etc.); (arch.) pure
to take into account; to bear in mind; to consider; to learn from; to take as a lesson