emperor (of Japan); mikado
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
unfavourably; unfavorably; disparagingly; insultingly; ill
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
reason; cause; circumstances
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to say; to be called; to do
sagacity; wisdom; intelligence
to change; to alter; to transform; to reform; to revise; to amend
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
feudal lord; (arch.) mansion; (arch.) palace
Tenshō era (1573.7.28-1592.12.8)
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
Tanba (former province located in parts of present-day Kyoto, Hyogo and Osaka prefectures)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
castle (in place names); castle; fortress
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
black; black go stone; guilt; guilty person
finally; at last; barely; narrowly; gradually; little by little
surrender (fall) of a castle
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
by means of; due to; because of; according to
the whole area; all areas
suppression; repression; subjugation
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
people; (all) persons; you (usu. plural); various
mound on which targets are placed (in archery); firing mound
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
under (guidance, supervision, rules, the law, etc.); under (a flag, the sun, etc.); beneath; with (e.g. one blow); on (the promise, condition, assumption, etc. that ...); (somebody's) side
to send (a thing); to dispatch; to take or escort (a person somewhere); to see off (a person); to bid farewell (to the departed); to bury; to spend (time)
battle; fight; war; struggle; conflict
to stop (an activity); to cease; to discontinue; to cancel; to abandon; to give up
to vacate; to surrender (e.g. a castle); to give up (e.g. a position); to hand over (e.g. power)
manly; sportsmanlike; pure (heart, actions, etc.); upright; (arch.) unsullied (e.g. scenery or object); (arch.) pure
to take into account; to bear in mind; to consider; to learn from; to take warning from
honorific/polite/humble prefix