sagacity; wisdom; intelligence
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to ask (humbly); to request (humbly)
Genki era (1570.4.23-1573.7.28)
first year (of an imperial era); year something (important) first happened or began
April; fourth month in the lunar calendar
to lead; to spearhead (a group); to command (troops)
military forces; hosts; troops
Echizen (former province located in parts of present-day Fukui and Gifu prefectures)
gold (Au); golden (color); valuable; of highest value; money; gold coin; Friday
counter for the ichi-ni-san counting system (usu. directly preceding the item being counted); noun read using its on-yomi; counter for articles; indicates possessive (esp. in place names)
small peninsula; cape; promontory; headland
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
imperial capital (esp. Kyoto); final word of an iroha poem; 10^16; 10,000,000,000,000,000
to scurry home; to run home; to fly back
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
defeat; loss; reverse; setback
Settsu (former province located in the northern and central parts of present-day Osaka and the southeast of Hyogo prefectures)
clear weather; fine weather; formal; ceremonial; cleared of suspicion
gate; branch of learning based on the teachings of a single master; division; phylum; counter for cannons
later on; eventually; afterwards
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
greeting; a fine thing to say
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to go; to come; to be defeated; to collapse; to be annoyed; to be nonplussed
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
this occasion; at this time; now
war; battle; campaign; (arch.) troops; (arch.) forces
any kind of; every; whatsoever; whatever
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
beforehand; in advance; previously
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
to put; to place; to leave (behind); to establish (an organization, a facility, a position, etc.); to set up; to appoint (someone to a certain position); to hire
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
public affairs; the court; the shogun; the shogunate
order (from one's superior); command; what you say; (someone's) words
reason; cause; circumstances
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
inviting another to one's home, office, etc.; (lit.) the trouble of coming (going)
to desire; to wish; to beg; to request; to have something done for oneself
depending on; as soon as; immediately after; as (e.g. "as one is told", "as one wishes"); whatever (e.g. "whatever is at hand"); order; program