indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
honorific/polite/humble prefix
war; battle; campaign; (arch.) troops; (arch.) forces
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
Echizen (former province located in parts of present-day Fukui and Gifu prefectures)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
adds force or indicates command
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
feudal lord; (arch.) mansion; (arch.) palace
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
castle (in place names); castle; fortress
sagacity; wisdom; intelligence
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
in that way; thus; so; so?
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need