"yoiyasa"; doo-doo-doo; dum-dum-dum; heave-ho; oof; ugh
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
abode (of a nobleman or emperor); Imperial chamber
castle (in place names); castle; fortress
castle construction; building a castle; fortification
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to advance; to go forward; to precede; to go ahead (of); to make progress; to improve; to deepen
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
neighbourhood; neighborhood; vicinity
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to gather up; to scrape up together; to rake
imperial capital (esp. Kyoto); final word of an iroha poem; 10^16; 10,000,000,000,000,000
notable; important; chief; valuable; conspicuous; outstanding
residence; estate; grounds; premises; mansion
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
furnishings; implements; equipment
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
to present; to submit; to tender; to hold out
oneself; oneself; for oneself; personally
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to stand; to rise; to find oneself (e.g. in a difficult position); to depart (on a plane, train, etc.)
to advance construction; to proceed with construction
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
stone; jewel; precious stone; flint (in a lighter); stone (in go); stone (in the bladder, kidney etc.); calculus
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
magistrate; shogunate administrator
mountain; hill; mine (e.g. coal mine); heap; pile; crown (of a hat); thread (of a screw)
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
riding ground; racecourse; racetrack
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
cherry tree; cherry blossom; fake buyer; paid audience; hired applauder; horse meat
wanted; wished for; in need of; I want (you) to
adds force or indicates command
old tree of historical interest; excellent wood; precious woods; choice wood