indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
fort; fortress; stronghold; fortification
(common) soldier; rank and file; army; troops; warfare; strategy
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
castle (in place names); castle; fortress
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
honorific/polite/humble prefix
feudal lord; (arch.) mansion; (arch.) palace
Mikawa (former province located in the east of present-day Aichi Prefecture)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to face; to go towards; to head towards
interval; space; valley; gorge; loophole (in a wall); crenel
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
now; the present time; just now; another; more
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
that way; that direction; there; that (one); you; your family
root (of a plant); root (of a tooth, hair, etc.); center (of a pimple, etc.); root (of all evil, etc.); source; one's true nature
circle; entirety; whole; money; dough; enclosure inside a castle's walls; soft-shelled turtle
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
to praise; to commend; to compliment; to speak well of; to speak highly of
war; battle; campaign; (arch.) troops; (arch.) forces
good; goodness; right; virtue
group engaged in some activity (players, companies, forces, etc.)